Watertube boiler and firetube boilers are essentially the opposite in design. In a watertube boiler, water travels through tubes which are surrounded by the by-products of combustion, or flue gas. In a firetube boiler, the flue gas travels through the tubes, which are surrounded by hot water. Firetube boilers are typically designed with either three or four sets of tubes (three- or four-pass boilers). Every set of tubes that the flue gas travels through is considered a “pass”. Boilers designed for three-passes have the stack at the rear, and boilers designed for four-passes have the stack at the front. A boiler with more passes has a higher heat extraction rate and is more efficient then one with less passes.
With firetube boilers, flue gases are directed through vertical or horizontal steel tubes that are surrounded by the water for heating, and typically go through two, three, or four passes, or changes in direction. In watertube boilers, the arrangement is reversed. Instead of the water being outside the tubes, it circulates inside the tubes and is heated externally by the combustion gases. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, which heats the water in the steam-generating tubes. The water then rises to the steam drum where saturated steam is drawn from the top of the drum. The watertube boiler has some relative advantages over the firetube boiler design, which are outlined below.
Watertube boilers are safer by design and generally considered to last much longer than the firetube boiler. They are available in much larger sizes and recover faster than firetube boilers, can handle pressures up to 5000 psig, and have the ability to reach very high temperatures with the use of superheaters. Because of their inherent design, firetube boilers are not suitable for pressures above 350 psig. Also, the steam output is less than the nameplate at actual operating conditions. Watertube boilers are rated at actual operating conditions. However, from a manufacturing standpoint, firetube boilers are typically lower in cost than a comparable sized watertube boiler, the firesides are easier to clean, and the straight firetubes are easily replaceable.
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Source: http://www.zgsteamboiler.com/faq/Water-tube-boiler-VS-fire-tube-boile.html
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